It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. In 1959, Dr. Clogged coronary arteries block blood flow to the muscle of the heart. Atherosclerosis - An inflammatory disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the world-wide leading cause of death not only in high-income countries but also increasingly in developing countries. ObjectivesEpicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is closely adjacent to the coronary arteries and myocardium, its role as an endocrine organ to affect the pathophysiological processes of the coronary arteries and myocardium has been increasingly recognized. [PubMed. The higher your CAC score, the more you are at risk of heart attack. vision difficulties, such as trouble seeing out of one or both eyes. The damaged arteries may become completely blocked, or become prone to clotting, causing a heart attack. Download as PowerPoint. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is treatable, but there is no cure. These symptoms typically only appear late in the progression of heart disease when there is already enough of a blockage to cause symptoms. Coronary heart disease occurs when your heart’s major blood vessels become damaged or diseased. Imaging Doctors use cardiovascular imaging techniques, either alone or with other procedures, when they want to see into the heart, veins or arteries and produce images noninvasively. Nonsurgical closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale. Coronary artery disease (CAD) has important genetic underpinnings considered equivalent to that of environmental factors. Or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden rupture of a plaque and formation of a thrombus or blood clot. Philadelphia - New York. It also evaluates the thickness of the carotid artery wall and checks for clots. Carmichael. Coronary artery disease; echocardiography; nuclear cardiology. 3. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in a wall of a heart artery. Since its inception, articles published in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology ( ATVB) have contributed to our understanding of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its different complex pathophysiological processes. Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation With Stable Coronary Disease. At Providence, we take a team-based approach to treating your heart. As the coronary arteries continue to narrow, less and less blood gets to the heart and symptoms can become more severe or frequent. Phone: 650-725-5909. Find out your options to lower blood pressure and cholesterol and. CAD is responsible for one-third of deaths in. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. Find out about convenient care options for Cardiovascular Imaging and Diagnostic Services in Sacramento at Sutter Health. Coronary Artery Disease; Electrophysiology (Arrhythmia) Heart Disease Prevention; Heart Failure Services; Heart Rhythm Disorders; Heart Valve Disease; Interventional. It occurs when a waxy substance called plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. The images show calcium deposits you may have in your coronary arteries. CDT; A History of Cancer, Coronary Artery Disease May Reduce Risk of Dementia Oct. We present the coronary artery disease (CAD) database, a comprehensive resource, comprising 126 papers and 68 datasets relevant to CAD diagnosis, extracted from the scientific literature from 1992. The data completeness we report for the near wall common carotid artery IMT was 98. 8 million deaths annually. Using data from almost 7,000 subjects, Johns Hopkins researchers compared two approaches to calculating heart risk. Shortness of breath. 7400 Florida: 877. These are called. 1 stars. 2Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the dominant cause of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 18 million deaths per year (31% of total mortality). This thickening of the artery walls, called atherosclerosis, narrows the arteries and can decrease or block the flow of blood to the. These blood vessels are called the coronary arteries. 344. Our approach to care also includes helping you manage your disease and maintain a heart healthy lifestyle. People with high blood pressure and heart disease are at increased risk for serious. Dr. Accurate positioning of a stent is the key problem. Nat. H. 3 This includes the cost of health care services, medicines, and lost productivity due to death. A large percentage of this burden is found in low and middle income countries. 18. Imaging tests, like coronary angiograms, can be used to diagnose CAD. The test is generally done to see if there's a restriction in blood flow going to the heart. It affects the arteries that surround. For angioplasty, a long, thin tube (catheter) is put into a blood vessel and guided to the blocked coronary artery. Lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic factors pose as risk factors for. 10 CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)/ASHD I25. Coronary artery disease may also be called coronary heart disease. In a bit of a vicious cycle, stents as well as bypass grafts used to treat coronary artery disease can prompt the same response. A carotid ultrasound is performed to test for narrowed carotid arteries. Rohit Bhaskar, MD, is an Internal Medicine specialist practicing in Folsom, CA. Coronary calcium scans are also called cardiac calcium scoring. In addition, doctors can diagnose mild, early-stage CAD with specialized diagnostic tests, such as an echocardiogram or angiogram. Daily low-dose aspirin is recommended for all patients with stable CAD, unless contraindicated. Mercy San Juan Medical Center | (916) 537-5296. Your coronary arteries are about the width of a drinking straw, approximately 1/8 inch (4 mm) wide and gradually taper as they descend on the heart. D. I73. Around 40% of all patients undergoing angiography are found to have normal coronary arteries or non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD). These are the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. The purpose of the CT calcium scoring exam is to understand your risk for coronary heart disease (CAD) so you can take preventive measures based on the results. Desired outcome: The patient will be able to maintain adequate cardiac output. UpToDate, electronic clinical resource tool for physicians and patients that provides information on Adult Primary Care and Internal Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Family Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hematology, Infectious Diseases. The message of these findings is clear and bears emphasis here. New patients are welcome. The majority of patients with anginal symptoms have no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) . HeartFlow CT Scan Analysis — Following a CT scan, the HeartFlow CT Scan Analysis can be used to help diagnose coronary artery disease. Figure 1. 05. When it does, it blocks the flow of blood to your heart. To effectively supply the heart with the blood it needs, the coronary arteries need to be healthy. Clinical presentations include silent ischemia, angina pectoris , acute coronary syndromes ( unstable angina , myocardial infarction ), and sudden cardiac death . It’s also the leading cause of death nationwide. If left untreated, the buildup of calcium can block your arteries and lead to a heart attack and sudden death. We can help you find a doctor. By understanding the causes of coronary artery disease, you can effectively lower your risk of. But it’s important to know that there are differences in how blocked the. 79 miles from West Sacramento, CA. Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper belly area or back. However, the consequences of CAD include heart muscle dysfunction and. Several recent studies have highlighted the high prevalence of angiographically normal or near‐normal coronary arteries (NNCAs) or nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients referred for diagnostic invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for suspected CAD. Coronary artery disease; echocardiography; nuclear cardiology. Adult Congenital Heart Disease. During the past decade, our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) has undergone a remarkable evolution. Beta blockers should be continued for up to three years after myocardial infarction in. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart. Las Positas Blvd. It occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing the amount of blood that reaches the heart. This causes the heart to have to pump harder, especially during increased activity, to send blood throughout the body. The scientific advancements in the understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) have led to a decrease in the mortality (in age-adjusted subjects) towards the turn of the 20th century []. Coronary Artery Disease in Sacramento. Coronary artery disease (CAD, also called coronary heart disease, or CHD) is a condition in which the large blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen have become narrower. C, A fibrocalcific plaque. You’re cared for by world-class heart care specialists who have superior success rates with treating complex conditions such as coronary artery disease, valve disease and heart failure. A new table in the CPT book clarifies what is included in the revised codes and the new parentheticals are under these codes: 93653, 93654 and 93656. 7% (90/95), as seen in Table 3. Plaque can build up inside the artery, causing coronary artery disease. It is less common than focal CAD. Introduction. eating healthier sources of protein, such as swapping red and processed meats for lean poultry, fish, and legumes. Over 18 million adults in the U. These blood vessels or arteries narrow or harden due to a buildup of plaque, a type of fatty deposit. The equation, difference = ± 1. 5, 6In patients with stable coronary artery disease, aspirin should be used instead of clopidogrel (Plavix) to prevent further cardiovascular events. Diabetes. Heart disease, a leading cause of death in the United States, creates an enormous burden for people, communities, and healthcare providers and systems. These arteries deliver blood from the heart to the. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1103-13. Chronic congestive heart failure, or; workload of 3 METs or less results in dyspnea, fatigue, angina, dizziness, or syncope, or; left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction of less than 30 percent 100The higher your CAC score, the more you are at risk of heart attack. CAD is used to describe a range of clinical disorders from asymptomatic atherosclerosis and stable angina to acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI). Saturated fats can increase cholesterol, which is one of the main culprits of. A tiny balloon is inflated to help widen the blocked artery and improve blood flow. 410-328-5842. Saturated fats can increase cholesterol, which is one of the main culprits of. A CT coronary angiogram is mainly used to check for narrowed or blocked arteries in the heart (coronary artery disease). Coronary anomalies of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) are very rare, with a frequency of less than 1% in the general population. Diagnose heart rhythm problems. However, it can check for other heart conditions. So CAD is a type of ASCVD. Coronary angioplasty is a medical procedure in which a balloon is used to open a blockage in a coronary (heart) artery narrowed by atherosclerosis. “Coronary artery disease develops slowly, usually over decades, so the good news is that we have a huge window of opportunity for prevention, through a good lifestyle and healthy habits,” says Seth Martin, M. Dr. The symptoms of a heart attack can also be similar to indigestion. Sacramento (CA): Heart Research Foundation; 2002. The reduction in blood flow from SCAD can also cause sudden cardiac arrest, in which the heart develops a life-threatening heart rhythm. Another study of suspected coronary artery disease patients 73 found that 90% of a group of 108 patients with calcification detected by conventional CT had significant stenosis (greater than 75% narrowing), whereas, of 121 patients with significant stenosis on angiography, 80% had calcification on CT. Philadelphia. Learn more. In people who have coronary artery disease, the arteries that supply blood to the heart get clogged with fatty deposits ( figure 1 ). It’s also just one of many conditions that can affect the heart. The heart has 3 major coronary arteries. During the past decade, our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) has undergone a remarkable evolution. Introduction. Adult Congenital Heart Disease. The most common type is lower-extremity PAD, in which blood flow is reduced to the legs and feet. There are different types of heart disease — such as heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) — but coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type. Coronary stents are small, self-expanding, mesh-like tubes that are placed inside a coronary artery. Rajeev Gupta. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary. Normally, blood flows through blood vessels like water through a hose. Stable angina. Heart Surgery Clinic in Pleasanton. This provides a 3-dimensional cross-section that will show whether your arteries have become narrowed or blocked by plaque buildup, which can be an indicator for coronary artery. Joseph Kozina, MD. A heart attack can happen at any time, including while you're resting. Mayo Clinic Minute: Signs of coronary artery disease, how to reduce your risk Jan. This presses the plaque or blood clot against the sides of the artery, making more room. 10 ASHD Coronary Artery I25. Coronary. 5 · ( b + a · mean 0. Learn more. Henry Zhu were the only three surgeons out of 276 cardiac surgeons in the state to be statistically rated “better than expected” for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operative mortality according to a state report. Coronary Stents. 2 It is estimated that around 80% of those with diabetes die from cardiovascular causes, mostly from ischemic events. In people with coronary artery disease, studies have shown that quitting smoking reduces the risk of another heart attack and death by as much as 50 percent. [2][3][4][5] Healthcare services for CAD are estimated to cost greater than 200 billion dollars annually in the United. This is due to the buildup of cholesterol and other material, called plaque, on their inner walls. Weed is not good for your heart. These plaques are made up of fatty deposits, inflammatory cells, calcium, and. 5 ), represented 95% limits of agreement, where a and b were 11. 1,2 SCAD can involve dissection within the coronary media, with intramural hematoma formation, coronary intima, or both. View All Practice Locations. It can cause acute coronary syndrome, angina (chest pain) or a heart attack. S. Using your CT scan, this technology creates a 3D model of your heart, showing where blockages are affecting blood flow. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. m. 463. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. Many of such patients have diabetes and other coronary risk factors, including hypertension, myocardial dysfunction, abnormal lipids, anemia, and increased plasma homocysteine levels. Sensitivity was 65%, specificity, 87%. Over time, the disruption of blood flow may cause chest pain, also known as angina, shortness of breath, and general fatigue. Thus, this study aims to investigate the metabolomic and lipidomic biomarkers of coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and to develop. nausea. The result is reduced blood flow to the heart. With documented coronary artery disease resulting in: Evaluate under the General Rating Formula. In this coronary angiogram (X-ray), the dye makes visible two occluded coronary arteries, with noticeable narrowing pointed out in the circumflex artery and the common trunk of the left coronary artery. Chest pain that can have sensations of pressure, burning, aching, or tightness. Explore Education . 5565 W. This non-invasive heart test uses your coronary CT scan to provide a personalized 3D model of your coronary arteries. Mercy Medical Group’s team of. According to experts, laser angioplasty can help with tenacious calcium deposits, which is a major cause of coronary artery disease necessitating surgery in. The metabolomic analysis of human fluids can provide an insight into the pathogenesis of complex disease. Skelly AC, Hashimoto R, Buckley DI, Brodt ED, Noelck N, Totten AM, Lindner JR, Fu R, McDonagh M. It is. An arrhythmia can cause the heart to beat too fast or too slowly. Coronary artery disease (CAD) involves impairment of blood flow through the coronary arteries, most commonly by atheromas. Heart disease, the most common manifestation of CVD, remains the. Here, we review articles related to CAD published in ATVB in the past 2 years from 2018 to 2019. HeartFlow CT Scan Analysis — Following a CT scan, the HeartFlow CT Scan Analysis can be used to help diagnose coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is characterized by atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the coronary arteries, which is a prolonged and indolent process that may or may not progress towards luminal obstruction []. Aryana Near Me. Yet, information regarding near- (5-year) and long-term (15-year) prognostication of CAC=0 among diabetic individuals remains sub-optimal at present. 6 Meta-analyses of exercise-based, cardiac rehabilitation studies have suggested that exercise training reduces cardiac mortality in coronary. When it occurs in the ones that supply. pain travelling through the body. 2: Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries. Coronary heart disease develops over time. There’s no one-size-fits-all diet. Several guidelines have recommended the use of CAC testing in shared. Summary: People with celiac disease may have a near two-fold increased risk of coronary artery disease compared with the general population. The TIMI flow grading system. Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Echocardiography, Cardiovascular Disease Genetics 535 Mission Bay Blvd So. Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease, killing 375,476 people in 2021. m. Download now. Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart. One way used only the traditional risk factors, like smoking, cholesterol, blood pressure and diabetes. A stent is a wire mesh tube used to hold open an artery that is placed during angioplasty. New patients are welcome. Postpartum and postmenopausal people are most at risk for spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). The term coronary artery spasm (CAS) refers to a sudden, intense vasoconstriction of an epicardial coronary artery that causes vessel occlusion or near occlusion. Echocardiography. These findings provide further evidence for an important role of 1p13. Why it's done. Pei-Hsiu Huang, M. 5 to 15 micrometers), and these can grow into larger calcium sheet-like deposits (ie, >3 mm). It is the leading cause of death in the United States in both men and women. 2 min read. INTRODUCTION. Plaques can narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. 2 This strong association is thought to be due to the common. This disease is the accumulation of cholesterol-laden plaque inside the arteries nourishing your heart, a process known as atherosclerosis. The coronary arteries also supply the myocardium with oxygen to allow for the contraction of the heart and thus causing circulation of the. S. Jonathan Hemphill, MD, is a Cardiovascular Disease specialist practicing in Carmichael, CA. Stanford, CA 94305. This is called coronary artery disease (CAD). This increased workload can result in pain, pressure, and a squeezing sensation in the chest,. 84 Coronary LesionCoronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of heart disease. This is also called ischemia. Stanford, CA 94305. Editorial: Becker RC. Call to Schedule (512) 453-6100. That’s roughly the combined populations of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and Houston. Dr. 3 Risk Prediction in Cardiac Surgery5. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. A buildup of calcium, fats and other substances in the heart arteries are often the cause. CAC begins as microscopic calcifications (0. This often requires special equipment that allows the surgeon to operate on the heart while it is moving. Coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1103-13. But most people only know about one type. Find great cardiologists in Sacramento, CA. Introduction. The buildup narrows your artery so much that the oxygen-rich blood your heart needs can’t get through, and your heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen. A CT scan takes pictures of the heart in thin sections. An attempt at percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was unsuccessful. Pediatric Cardiology « Back to top Abraham Groner. This presses the plaque or blood clot against the sides of the artery, making more room. The UI Heart and Vascular Center offers coronary calcium scans at a discounted rate. Plaque is made of fat, cholesterol and other materials. CAD is caused by a build-up of fatty material within the walls of the arteries. Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure, also called congestive heart failure. It may feel like a heavy weight lying. Sacramento, CA, April 3, 2019 – Cardiac surgeons Dr. Medical therapy is the cornerstone of CAD treatment ( 3 ). For example, they may include a feeling of heaviness in your chest, a stomach ache or heartburn. 2 Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including. It can help diagnose early coronary artery disease. Treatment decisions regarding coronary revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) should be based on clinical indications, regardless of sex, race, or ethnicity, because there is no evidence that some patients benefit less than others, and efforts to reduce disparities of care are. It may be chronic, narrowing of the coronary artery over time and limiting of the blood supply to part of the muscle. This limits the amount of blood that the heart muscle receives (ischemia) and causes chest pain (angina) at rest or during exertion. The other included the coronary calcium scan score. This buildup is called plaque. Coronary. 3 (initial episode of care) I25. have coronary artery disease. High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. Most CAC occurs in the intimal layer of the coronary artery, although in some cases it occurs in the medial layer of the blood vessel. You may have been living with Coronary artery disease much longer before you realised it. Coronary Artery Disease in Sacramento. Coronary artery spasm is a sudden hypercontraction of the microvascular or epicardial coronary vessels that causes near or total occlusion of the vessel and a. Coronary artery disease may cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and/or an irregular heartbeat, and can eventually lead to a heart attack. A completely blocked coronary artery will cause a heart attack. It can help your doctor diagnose coronary microvascular disease as well as nonobstructive or obstructive coronary artery disease. Dignity Health Heart and Vascular Institute of Greater Sacramento Offers Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program at: Mercy General Hospital | (916) 453-4521. Low-dose coronary calcium scoring uses a CT scan, which is a special type of X-ray that takes multiple images of your heart and coronary arteries from various angles. Mayo Clinic Minute: Signs of coronary artery disease, how to reduce your risk Jan. This narrowing can occur for several reasons, all of which are considered different types of CAD. The Sutter Health network now offers the latest in cardiac imaging with HeartFlow CT scan analysis. Over time calcium can build up in the arteries that supply blood to your heart. Learn how your coronary calcium score can predict your risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) or having a heart attack during the next several years. Coronary artery disease. 5 · ( b + a · mean 0. The most common symptom of CAD is angina, or chest pain. Verywell. 8 million deaths annually. Owens GK: Role of alterations in the differentiated state of smooth muscle cell in atherogenesis: in Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ (eds): Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Type IV glycogen storage disease 100% Zellweger syndrome 100%Summary. A CT scan takes pictures of the heart in thin sections. The complex process of. The condition is also called coronary heart disease (CHD). 09 miles from Sacramento, CA. Carotid artery disease. This, in turn, causes several important heart problems such as: Myocardial infarction. Tobacco. The CAC Consortium, a multicenter, retrospective, real-world cohort study, was established to investigate the association between CAC and long-term, cause-specific mortality. This causes the heart to have to pump harder, especially during increased activity, to send blood throughout the body. We are the only health system of our size that holds system-wide provider meetings to discuss key. Coronary angioplasty treats vessels, called coronary arteries, which deliver blood to heart muscles. These Sacramento, CA hospitals were ranked best by US News & World Report for treating. WebMD Care. 773-702. A widowmaker heart attack occurs when the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, which supplies blood to the larger, front part of the heart, is blocked at its origin. Pain will appear in the man's chest, but women may feel pain in their chest, arm, face, upper stomach, or back. 7822 Akron General: 330. ventricular tachycardia Irregular heartbeat Coronary artery disease Abnormal heart. 9 Angina Pectoris, NOS I21. Specialties. She did have one miscarriage in her first pregnancy but subsequent five pregnancies were. [1] It is the third leading cause of mortality worldwide and is associated with 17. CAD (heart attack or other cardiovascular event) is the number one cause of death among adults in the US. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. This non-invasive heart test uses your coronary CT scan to provide a. This reduces the blood flow and vital oxygen to your heart muscle. 3 This includes the cost of health care services, medicines, and lost productivity due to death. 3, 4 While public health initiatives aimed at primary prevention have certainly led to some of these gains, advances in treatment for patients with CAD have accounted for a significant portion. This non-invasive procedure can help your doctor diagnose coronary artery disease and determine next steps in your care. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular-related death worldwide [ 7 ]. Coronary artery vasospasm (CAVS) is a constriction of the coronary arteries that can cause complete or near-complete occlusion of the vessel. Sudden cardiac death accounts for ≈50% of the estimated 500 000 cardiovascular deaths that occur annually in the United States, and a vast majority are the result of coronary artery disease. Find out about convenient care options for Coronary Artery Disease Services in Sacramento at Sutter Health. Although patients on chronic dialysis are at. 171. Cardiac muscle requires blood flow to function. . The coronary arteries provide the main blood supply to the heart. The density score for 130–199 Hounsfield units (HU) is equal to 1; for 200–299 HU is 2; for 300–399 HU is 3; and a density score of 4 corresponds to 400 HU. Early diagnosis and treatment of a narrowed carotid artery can decrease stroke risk. Find great cardiologists in Sacramento, CA. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. There was minimal obstructive disease in the remainder of the coronary tree. 8120 Timberlake Way, Sacramento, CA, 95823. The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high LDL cholesterol, low HDL. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important. AdThe Sutter Heart and Vascular Institute is a pioneer in heart care in the Sacramento region, providing expert diagnosis and treatment for heart attacks, congenital cardiac defects,. Most heart problems can be treated through procedures or lifestyle changes, but effective treatment relies on an accurate and timely diagnosis. Methods and Results. Coronary spasm is caused by a transient coronary narrowing due to the constriction of epicardial coronary artery, which leads to myocardial ischemia. This is also called ischemia. Two of these arteries arise from a common stem, called the left main coronary artery. Imaging techniques provide direct assessment of coronary atherosclerotic burden and pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions which may predict the. .